Practical Deep Learning in Haskell.

Grenade is a composable, dependently typed, practical, and fast recurrent neural network library for precise specifications and complex deep neural networks in Haskell.

Grenade provides an API for composing layers of a neural network into a sequence parallel graph in a type safe manner; running networks with reverse automatic differentiation to calculate their gradients; and applying gradient decent for learning.

Documentation and examples are available on github https://github.com/HuwCampbell/grenade.

Grenade

First shalt thou take out the Holy Pin, then shalt thou count to three, no more, no less.
Three shall be the number thou shalt count, and the number of the counting shall be three.
Four shalt thou not count, neither count thou two, excepting that thou then proceed to three.
Five is right out.

💣 Machine learning which might blow up in your face 💣

Grenade is a composable, dependently typed, practical, and fast recurrent neural network library for concise and precise specifications of complex networks in Haskell.

As an example, a network which can achieve ~1.5% error on MNIST can be specified and initialised with random weights in a few lines of code with

type MNIST
  = Network
    '[ Convolution 1 10 5 5 1 1, Pooling 2 2 2 2, Relu
     , Convolution 10 16 5 5 1 1, Pooling 2 2 2 2, FlattenLayer, Relu
     , FullyConnected 256 80, Logit, FullyConnected 80 10, Logit]
    '[ 'D2 28 28, 'D3 24 24 10, 'D3 12 12 10, 'D3 12 12 10
     , 'D3 8 8 16, 'D3 4 4 16, 'D1 256, 'D1 256
     , 'D1 80, 'D1 80, 'D1 10, 'D1 10]

randomMnist :: MonadRandom m => m MNIST
randomMnist = randomNetwork

And that's it. Because the types are so rich, there's no specific term level code required to construct this network; although it is of course possible and easy to construct and deconstruct the networks and layers explicitly oneself.

If recurrent neural networks are more your style, you can try defining something "unreasonably effective" with

type Shakespeare
  = RecurrentNetwork
    '[ R (LSTM 40 80), R (LSTM 80 40), F (FullyConnected 40 40), F Logit]
    '[ 'D1 40, 'D1 80, 'D1 40, 'D1 40, 'D1 40 ]

Design

Networks in Grenade can be thought of as a heterogeneous lists of layers, where their type includes not only the layers of the network, but also the shapes of data that are passed between the layers.

The definition of a network is surprisingly simple:

data Network :: [*] -> [Shape] -> * where
    NNil  :: SingI i
          => Network '[] '[i]

    (:~>) :: (SingI i, SingI h, Layer x i h)
          => !x
          -> !(Network xs (h ': hs))
          -> Network (x ': xs) (i ': h ': hs)

The Layer x i o constraint ensures that the layer x can sensibly perform a transformation between the input and output shapes i and o.

The lifted data kind Shape defines our 1, 2, and 3 dimension types, used to declare what shape of data is passed between the layers.

In the MNIST example above, the input layer can be seen to be a two dimensional (D2), image with 28 by 28 pixels. When the first Convolution layer runs, it outputs a three dimensional (D3) 24x24x10 image. The last item in the list is one dimensional (D1) with 10 values, representing the categories of the MNIST data.

Usage

To perform back propagation, one can call the eponymous function

backPropagate :: forall shapes layers.
                 Network layers shapes -> S (Head shapes) -> S (Last shapes) -> Gradients layers

which takes a network, appropriate input and target data, and returns the back propagated gradients for the network. The shapes of the gradients are appropriate for each layer, and may be trivial for layers like Rulu which have no learnable parameters.

The gradients however can always be applied, yielding a new (hopefully better) layer with

applyUpdate :: LearningParameters -> Network ls ss -> Gradients ls -> Network ls ss

Layers in Grenade are represented as Haskell classes, so creating one's own is easy in downstream code. If the shapes of a network are not specified correctly and a layer can not sensibly perform the operation between two shapes, then it will result in a compile time error.

Composition

Networks and Layers in Grenade are easily composed at the type level. As a Network is an instance of Layer, one can use a trained Network as a small component in a larger network easily. Furthermore, we provide 2 layers which are designed to run layers in parallel and merge their output (either by concatenating them across one dimension or summing by pointwise adding their activations). This allows one to write any Network which can be expressed as a series parallel graph.

A residual network layer specification for instance could be written as

type Residual net = Merge Trivial net

If the type net is an instance of Layer, then Residual net will be too. It will run the network, while retaining its input by passing it through the Trivial layer, and merge the original image with the output.

See the MNIST example, which has been overengineered to contain both residual style learning as well as inception style convolutions.

Generative Adversarial Networks

As Grenade is purely functional, one can compose its training functions in flexible ways. GAN-MNIST example displays an interesting, type safe way of writing a generative adversarial training function in 10 lines of code.

Layer Zoo

Grenade layers are normal haskell data types which are an instance of Layer, so it's easy to build one's own downstream code. We do however provide a decent set of layers, including convolution, deconvolution, pooling, pad, crop, logit, relu, elu, tanh, and fully connected.

Build Instructions

Grenade is most easily built with the mafia script that is located in the repository. You will also need the lapack and blas libraries and development tools. Once you have all that, Grenade can be build using:

./mafia build

and the tests run using:

./mafia test

Grenade builds with ghc 7.10 and 8.0.

Thanks

Writing a library like this has been on my mind for a while now, but a big shout out must go to Justin Le, whose dependently typed fully connected network inspired me to get cracking, gave many ideas for the type level tools I needed, and was a great starting point for writing this library.

Performance

Grenade is backed by hmatrix, BLAS, and LAPACK, with critical functions optimised in C. Using the im2col trick popularised by Caffe, it should be sufficient for many problems.

Being purely functional, it should also be easy to run batches in parallel, which would be appropriate for larger networks, my current examples however are single threaded.

Training 15 generations over Kaggle's 41000 sample MNIST training set on a single core took around 12 minutes, achieving 1.5% error rate on a 1000 sample holdout set.

Contributing

Contributions are welcome.