Synthesise and Correlate Rating-Scale Data.
LikertMakeR
(V 0.3.0 May 2024)
Synthesise and correlate rating-scale data with predefined first & second moments (mean and standard deviation)
LikertMakeR synthesises Likert scale and related rating-scale data. Such scales are constrained by upper and lower bounds and discrete increments.
Purpose
The package is intended for
"reproducing" rating-scale data for further analysis and visualisation when only summary statistics have been reported,
teaching. Helping researchers and students to better understand the relationships among scale properties, sample size, number of items, etc ...
checking the feasibility of scale moments with given scale and correlation properties
Functions in this version of LikertMakeR are:
lfast() applies a simple Evolutionary Algorithm, based on repeated random samples from a scaled Beta distribution, to approximate predefined first and second moments
lexact() DEPRECATED. Use lfast() instead.
lcor() rearranges the values in the columns of a dataframe so that they are correlated to match a predefined correlation matrix
makeCorrAlpha constructs a random correlation matrix of given dimensions and predefined Cronbach's Alpha
makeItems() is a wrapper function for lfast() and lcor() to generate synthetic rating-scale data with predefined first and second moments and a predefined correlation matrix
makeItemsScale() Generate a dataframe of rating scale items from a summative scale
correlateScales() generates a multidimensional dataframe by combining several dataframes of rating-scale items so that their summated scales are correlated according to a predefined correlation matrix.
alpha() calculates Cronbach's Alpha from a given correlation matrix or a given dataframe
eigenvalues() calculates eigenvalues of a correlation matrix, reports on positive-definite status of the matrix and, optionally, displays a scree plot to visualise the eigenvalues
Rating scale properties
A Likert scale is the mean, or sum, of several ordinal rating scales. They are bipolar (usually “agree-disagree”) responses to propositions that are determined to be moderately-to-highly correlated and capturing various facets of a theoretical construct.
Rating scales are not continuous or unbounded.
For example, a 5-point Likert scale that is constructed with, say, five items (questions) will have a summed range of between 5 (all rated ‘1’) and 25 (all rated ‘5’) with all integers in between, and the mean range will be ‘1’ to ‘5’ with intervals of 1/5=0.20. A 7-point Likert scale constructed from eight items will have a summed range between 8 (all rated ‘1’) and 56 (all rated ‘7’) with all integers in between, and the mean range will be ‘1’ to ‘7’ with intervals of 1/8=0.125.
Alternative approaches
Typically, a researcher will synthesise rating-scale data by sampling with a predetermined probability distribution. For example, the following code will generate a vector of values for a single Likert-scale item, with approximately the given probabilities.
n <- 128
sample(1:5, n, replace = TRUE,
prob = c(0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1)
)
This approach is good for testing Likert items but it does not help when working on complete Likert scales, or for when we want to specify means and standard deviations as they might be reported in published research.
The function lfast()
allows the user to specify exact univariate statistics as they might ordinarily be reported. lcor()
will take multiple scales created with lfast()
and rearrange values so that the vectors are correlated. makeCorrAlpha()
generates a correlation matrix from a predefined Cronbach's Alpha, thus enabling the user to apply lcor()
and lfast()
to generate scale items with an exact Cronbach's Alpha.
Install LikertMakeR
To download and install the package, run the following code from your R console.
From CRAN:
install.packages('LikertMakeR')
The latest development version is available from the author's GitHub repository.
library(devtools)
install_github("WinzarH/LikertMakeR")
Generate synthetic rating scales
lfast()
- lfast() generates a vector of synthetic values with predefined first and second moments. It should be accurate to two decimal places.
lfast() usage
lfast(n, mean, sd, lowerbound, upperbound, items = 1, precision = 0)
lfast arguments
n: sample size
mean: desired mean
sd: desired standard deviation
lowerbound: desired lower bound (e.g. '1' for a 1-5 rating scale)
upperbound: desired upper bound (e.g. '5' for a 1-5 rating scale)
items: number of items making the scale. Default = 1
precision: can relax the level of accuracy of moments. Default = 0
lfast() Example: a five-item, seven-point Likert scale
x <- lfast(
n = 256,
mean = 4.5,
sd = 1.0,
lowerbound = 1,
upperbound = 7,
items = 5
)
lfast() Example: a four-item, five-point Likert scale with moderate precision
x <- lfast(
n = 256,
mean = 3.25,
sd = 1.0,
lowerbound = 1,
upperbound = 5,
items = 5,
precision = 4
)
lfast() Example: an 11-point likelihood-of-purchase scale
x <- lfast(256, 2.5, 2.5, 0, 10)
Correlating vectors of synthetic rating scales
lcor()
The function, lcor(), applies a simple evolutionary algorithm to rearrange the values in the columns of a data set so that they are correlated at a specified level. lcor() does not change the values - it swaps their positions in each column so that univariate statistics do not change, but their correlations with other columns do.
lcor() usage
lcor(data, target)
lcor() arguments
data: a starter data set of rating-scales
target: the target correlation matrix
lcor() Example #1
generate synthetic data
n <- 64
x1 <- lfast(n, 3.5, 1.00, 1, 5, 5)
x2 <- lfast(n, 1.5, 0.75, 1, 5, 5)
x3 <- lfast(n, 3.0, 1.70, 1, 5, 5)
x4 <- lfast(n, 2.5, 1.50, 1, 5, 5)
mydat4 <- data.frame(x1, x2, x3, x4)
head(mydat4)
cor(mydat4) |> round(3)
Define a target correlation matrix
tgt4 <- matrix(
c(
1.00, 0.55, 0.60, 0.75,
0.55, 1.00, 0.25, 0.65,
0.60, 0.25, 1.00, 0.80,
0.75, 0.65, 0.80, 1.00
),
nrow = 4
)
lcor() application
new4 <- lcor(data = mydat4, target = tgt4)
cor(new4) |> round(3)
lcor() example #2
three starting columns and a different target correlation matrix
mydat3 <- data.frame(x1, x2, x3)
tgt3 <- matrix(
c(
1.00, -0.50, -0.85,
-0.50, 1.00, 0.60,
-0.85, 0.60, 1.00
),
nrow = 3
)
Apply lcor()
new3 <- lcor(mydat3, tgt3)
cor(new3) |> round(3)
Generate a correlation matrix from Cronbach's Alpha
makeCorrAlpha()
makeCorrAlpha(), constructs a random correlation matrix of given dimensions and predefined Cronbach's Alpha.
makeCorrAlpha() usage
makeCorrAlpha(items, alpha, variance = 0.5, precision = 0)
makeCorrAlpha() arguments
items: 'k', dimensions (number of rows & columns) of the desired correlation matrix
alpha: target Cronbach's Alpha (usually positive, must be greater than '-1' and less than '+1')
variance: standard deviation of values sampled from a normally-distributed log transformation. Default = '0.5'. A value of '0' makes all values in the correlation matrix the same, equal to the mean correlation needed to produce the desired Alpha. A value of '2', or more, risks producing a matrix that is not positive-definite, so not feasible.
precision: a value between '0' and '3' to add some random variation around the target Cronbach's Alpha. Default = '0'. A value of '0' produces the desired Alpha exact to two decimal places. Higher values produce increasingly random values around the desired Alpha.
NOTE
Random values generated by makeCorrAlpha() are volatile. makeCorrAlpha() may not generate a feasible (positive-definite) correlation matrix, especially when
variance is high relative to
desired Alpha, and
desired correlation dimensions (number of items)
makeCorrAlpha() will inform the user if the resulting correlation matrix is positive definite, or not.
If the returned correlation matrix is not positive-definite, because solutions are so volatile, a feasible solution still may be possible, and often is. The user is encouraged to try again, possibly several times, to find one.
makeCorrAlpha() examples
four variables, Alpha = 0.85
define parameters
items <- 4
alpha <- 0.85
variance <- 0.5
apply makeCorrAlpha() function
cor_matrix_4 <- makeCorrAlpha(items, alpha, variance)
test output with Helper functions
alpha(cor_matrix_4)
eigenvalues(cor_matrix_4, 1)
eight variables, Alpha = 0.95, larger variance
define parameters
items <- 8
alpha <- 0.95
variance <- 1.0
apply makeCorrAlpha() function
cor_matrix_8 <- makeCorrAlpha(items, alpha, variance)
test output
alpha(cor_matrix_8)
eigenvalues(cor_matrix_8, 1)
repeated with random variation around Alpha
define parameters
precision <- 2
apply makeCorrAlpha() function
cor_matrix_8a <- makeCorrAlpha(items, alpha, variance, precision)
test output
alpha(cor_matrix_8a)
eigenvalues(cor_matrix_8a, 1)
Generate a dataframe of rating scales from a correlation matrix and predefined moments
makeItems()
makeItems() generates a dataframe of random discrete values from a scaled Beta distribution so the data replicate a rating scale, and are correlated close to a predefined correlation matrix.
makeItems() is a wrapper function for:
lfast(), which generates a vector that best fits the desired moments, and
lcor(), which rearranges values in each column of the dataframe so they closely match the desired correlation matrix.
makeItems() usage
makeItems(n, means, sds, lowerbound, upperbound, cormatrix)
makeItems() arguments
n: number of observations to generate
means: target means: a vector of length 'k' of mean values for each scale item
sds: target standard deviations: a vector of length 'k' of standard deviation values for each scale item
lowerbound: vector of length 'k' (same as rows & columns of correlation matrix) of values for lower bound of each scale item (e.g. '1' for a 1-5 rating scale)
upperbound: vector of length 'k' (same as rows & columns of correlation matrix) of values for upper bound of each scale item (e.g. '5' for a 1-5 rating scale)
cormatrix: target correlation matrix: a 'k' x 'k' square symmetric matrix of values ranging between '-1 'and '+1', and '1' in the diagonal.
makeItems() examples
define parameters
n <- 16
dfMeans <- c(2.5, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5)
dfSds <- c(1.0, 1.0, 1.5, 0.75)
lowerbound <- rep(1, 4)
upperbound <- rep(5, 4)
corMat <- matrix(
c(
1.00, 0.25, 0.35, 0.40,
0.25, 1.00, 0.70, 0.75,
0.35, 0.70, 1.00, 0.80,
0.40, 0.75, 0.80, 1.00
),
nrow = 4, ncol = 4
)
apply function
df <- makeItems(
n = n,
means = dfMeans,
sds = dfSds,
lowerbound = lowerbound,
upperbound = upperbound,
cormatrix = corMat
)
test function
print(df)
apply(df, 2, mean) |> round(3)
apply(df, 2, sd) |> round(3)
cor(df) |> round(3)
Generate a dataframe of rating-scale items from a summated rating scale
makeItemsScale()
- makeItemsScale() generate a dataframe of rating-scale items from a summated rating scale.
makeItemsScale() usage
makeItemsScale(scale, lowerbound, upperbound, items)
makeItemsScale() arguments
scale: a vector or dataframe of the summated rating scale. Should range from ('lowerbound' * 'items') to ('upperbound' * 'items')
lowerbound: lower bound of the scale item (example: '1' in a '1' to '5' rating)
upperbound: upper bound of the scale item (example: '5' in a '1' to '5' rating)
items: k, or number of columns to generate
makeItemsScale() Example: all possible values in a five-item, seven-point summated Likert scale
lower <- 1
upper <- 7
items <- 5
myvalues <- c((lower * items):(upper * items))
apply makeItemsScale() function
makeItemsScale(
scale = myvalues,
lowerbound = lower,
upperbound = upper,
items = items
)
makeItemsScale() Example #2
generate a summated scale
n <- 64
mean <- 3.5
sd <- 1.00
lowerbound <- 1
upperbound <- 5
items <- 4
meanScale <- lfast(
n = n, mean = mean, sd = sd,
lowerbound = lowerbound, upperbound = upperbound,
items = items
)
summatedScale <- meanScale * items
create items
newItems <- makeItemsScale(
scale = summatedScale,
lowerbound = lowerbound,
upperbound = upperbound,
items = items
)
Create a multidimensional dataframe of scale items as we might see from a questionnaire
correlateScales()
correlateScales() takes several dataframes of rating-scale items and rearranges their rows so that the scales are correlated according to a predefined correlation matrix. Univariate statistics for each dataframe of rating-scale items do not change, but their correlations with rating-scale items in other dataframes do.
correlateScales() usage
correlateScales(dataframes, scalecors)
correlateScales() arguments
dataframes: a list of 'k' dataframes to be rearranged and combined
scalecors: target correlation matrix - should be a symmetric k*k positive-semi-definite matrix, where 'k' is the number of dataframes
correlateScales() example
three attitude scales, each of three items
n <- 64
lower <- 1
upper <- 5
attitude #1
cor_1 <- makeCorrAlpha(items = 3, alpha = 0.85)
means_1 <- c(2.5, 2.5, 3.0)
sds_1 <- c(0.9, 1.0, 1.0)
Att_1 <- makeItems(
n, means_1, sds_1,
rep(lower, 4), rep(upper, 4),
cor_1
)
attitude #2
cor_2 <- makeCorrAlpha(items = 3, alpha = 0.80)
means_2 <- c(2.5, 3.0, 3.5)
sds_2 <- c(1.0, 1.5, 1.0)
Att_2 <- makeItems(
n, means_2, sds_2,
rep(lower, 5), rep(upper, 5),
cor_2
)
attitude #3
cor_3 <- makeCorrAlpha(items = 3, alpha = 0.75)
means_3 <- c(2.5, 3.0, 3.5)
sds_3 <- c(1.0, 1.5, 1.0)
Att_3 <- makeItems(
n, means_3, sds_3,
rep(lower, 6), rep(upper, 6),
cor_3
)
correlateScales parameters
target scale correlation matrix
scale_cors <- matrix(
c(
1.0, 0.6, 0.5,
0.6, 1.0, 0.4,
0.5, 0.4, 1.0
),
nrow = 3
)
data_frames <- list("A1" = Att_1, "A2" = Att_2, "A3" = Att_3)
apply the correlateScales() function
my_correlated_scales <- correlateScales(
dataframes = data_frames,
scalecors = scale_cors
)
Check the properties of our derived dataframe
data structure
str(my_correlated_scales)
inter-item correlations
cor(my_correlated_scales) |> round(2)
eigenvalues of dataframe correlations
eigenvalues(cormatrix = cor(my_correlated_scales), scree = TRUE) |>
round(2)
Helper functions
likertMakeR() includes two additional functions that may be of help when examining parameters and output.
alpha() calculates Cronbach's Alpha from a given correlation matrix or a given dataframe
eigenvalues() calculates eigenvalues of a correlation matrix, a report on whether the correlation matrix is positive definite and an optional scree plot
alpha()
alpha() accepts, as input, either a correlation matrix or a dataframe. If both are submitted, then the correlation matrix is used by default, with a message to that effect.
alpha() usage
alpha(cormatrix = NULL, data = NULL)
alpha() arguments
cormatrix: a square symmetrical matrix with values ranging from '-1' to '+1' and '1' in the diagonal
data: a data frame or data matrix
alpha() examples
Sample data frame
df <- data.frame(
V1 = c(4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1),
V2 = c(4, 1, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 3),
V3 = c(4, 1, 3, 5, 4, 1, 4, 2),
V4 = c(4, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3)
)
example correlation matrix
corMat <- matrix(
c(
1.00, 0.35, 0.45, 0.70,
0.35, 1.00, 0.60, 0.55,
0.45, 0.60, 1.00, 0.65,
0.70, 0.55, 0.65, 1.00
),
nrow = 4, ncol = 4
)
apply function examples
alpha(cormatrix = corMat)
alpha(data = df)
alpha(NULL, df)
alpha(corMat, df)
eigenvalues()
eigenvalues() calculates eigenvalues of a correlation matrix, reports on whether the matrix is positive-definite, and optionally produces a scree plot.
eigenvalues() usage
eigenvalues(cormatrix, scree = FALSE)
eigenvalues() arguments
cormatrix: a correlation matrix
scree: (logical) default = FALSE. If TRUE (or 1), then eigenvalues() produces a scree plot to illustrate the eigenvalues
eigenvalues() examples
define parameters
correlationMatrix <- matrix(
c(
1.00, 0.25, 0.35, 0.40,
0.25, 1.00, 0.70, 0.75,
0.35, 0.70, 1.00, 0.80,
0.40, 0.75, 0.80, 1.00
),
nrow = 4, ncol = 4
)
apply function
evals <- eigenvalues(cormatrix = correlationMatrix)
print(evals)
evals <- eigenvalues(correlationMatrix, 1)
To cite LikertMakeR
Here’s how to cite this package:
Winzar, H. (2022). LikertMakeR: Synthesise and correlate rating-scale
data with predefined first & second moments,
The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN),
<https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=LikertMakeR>
BIB:
@software{winzar2022,
title = {LikertMakeR: Synthesise and correlate rating-scale data with predefined first & second moments},
author = {Hume Winzar},
abstract = {LikertMakeR synthesises Likert scale and related rating-scale data with predefined means and standard deviations, and optionally correlates these vectors to fit a predefined correlation matrix.},
journal = {The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)},
month = {12},
year = {2022},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=LikertMakeR},
}