Synthesise and Correlate Likert Scale and Rating-Scale Data Based on Summary Statistics.

LikertMakeR

LikertMakeR synthesises Likert-scale and related bounded rating-scale data with predefined means, standard deviations, correlations, Cronbach’s alpha, and factor-loading-based structure for simulation studies, teaching, and methodological research..

Version 2.1.1 (April 2026)

Purpose

1. Reverse-engineer published results when only summary statistics are reported (for re-analysis, visualisation, or teaching).
2. Teaching & demos: generate data with known properties without collecting real data.
3. Methods work / simulation: explore how reliability, items, bounds, and sample size interact.

For a full introduction and worked examples, see the package website: https://winzarh.github.io/LikertMakeR/

Installation

From CRAN:

  install.packages("LikertMakeR")

The latest development version is available from the author's GitHub repository.

 library(devtools)
 
 install_github("WinzarH/LikertMakeR")

Quick Start

1. Make a target correlation matrix

library(LikertMakeR)

R <- matrix(
  c(
    1.00, 0.60, 0.45, 0.40,
    0.60, 1.00, 0.75, 0.35,
    0.45, 0.75, 1.00, 0.50,
    0.40, 0.35, 0.50, 1.00
  ),
  nrow = 4, ncol = 4, byrow = TRUE
)

2. Generate synthetic rating-scale data with predefined moments

dat <- makeScales(
  n = 64,
  means = c(2.75, 3.00, 3.25, 3.50),
  sds = c(1.25, 1.50, 1.30, 1.25),
  lowerbound = rep(1, 4),
  upperbound = rep(5, 4),
  items = c(5, 5, 4, 4),
  cormatrix = R
)

head(dat)
cor(dat) |> round(2)

Key functions

• lfast(): generate bounded/discrete data with target mean & SD

• lcor(): rearrange columns to approximate a target correlation matrix

• makeCorrAlpha(): generate an item correlation matrix with target Cronbach’s alpha

• makeScales(): wrapper for lfast() + lcor() to generate a dataframe of correlated columns

• makeCorrLoadings(): build an item correlation matrix from factor loadings and factor correlations

• makeItemsScale(): generate items from a summated scale with target alpha

• makePaired() / makeRepeated(): reconstruct data from paired t-test / repeated-measures summaries

• makeScalesRegression(): generate data from summary of multiple-regression analysis

• correlateScales(): combine multiple item sets so summated scales match a target correlation matrix

• Helpers: alpha(), eigenvalues(), reliability()

Rating scale properties

A Likert scale is the mean, or sum, of several ordinal rating scales. They are bipolar (usually “agree-disagree”) responses to propositions that are determined to be moderately-to-highly correlated among each other, and capturing various facets of a theoretical construct.

NOTE

A single 1-5 rating scale is NOT a true Likert scale - it may be a Likert-scale item.

Summated rating scales are not continuous or unbounded. For example, a 5-point Likert scale that is constructed with, say, five items (questions) will have a summed range of between 5 (all rated ‘1’) and 25 (all rated ‘5’) with all integers in between, and the mean range will be ‘1’ to ‘5’ with intervals of 1/5=0.20. A 7-point Likert scale constructed from eight items will have a summed range between 8 (all rated ‘1’) and 56 (all rated ‘7’) with all integers in between, and the mean range will be ‘1’ to ‘7’ with intervals of 1/8=0.125.

Learn more

Package website (recommended): https://winzarh.github.io/LikertMakeR/

Vignettes cover:

• generating scales from summary statistics,

• correlation matrices from alpha or loadings,

• repeated-measures and paired designs,

• reliability estimation and diagnostics,

• validation studies demonstrating function accuracy.

To cite LikertMakeR

APA:

 Winzar, H. (2026). LikertMakeR (version 2.0.0) [R package]. 
 The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN),
<https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=LikertMakeR>