Geospatial Data Integration.

geomerge - Geospatial Data Integration

geomerge provides a framework for integration of different types of spatial data in R. In practice, research involving spatial data typically entails drawing on multiple sources that provide information on distinct variables, each with a particular geographical resolution. Conducting analysis requires integrating these variables from the separate datasets into a common data frame, with a geographical resolution that is appropriately comparable across all the variables.

The main challenge is that datasets can have very different spatial data formats. For example, information on population or elevation is most often available as Raster data. Information on a country’s administrative subdivisions is typically provided as Polygon data. The locations of conflict events or incidents of crime are usually coded as Point data. In essence, these data formats correspond to different units of observation. Different units implies a spatial mismatch. When spatial data are mismatched, they may not be usable for particular types of analysis (unless purposely considering variables at different units of observation). Separate datasets may also treat the same variable as being of different types (e.g., numeric vs. categorical).

There exist a whole range of packages in R providing excellent functionality for dealing with these data integration problems but without a single, simple framework that combines all this functionality. In addition, integrating different kinds of spatial data requires making assumptions and providing specifications for how to proceed with the integration. The geomerge package provides this framework and makes it easy to correctly make these choices and make them explicit. The package allows for the automatic, flexible, transparent, reproducible integration of the most common types of spatial data. The integration can produce variables with the same spatial resolution, or merely establish the spatial correspondence of variables with different resolutions. In doing so, the package implements a number of established best practices that ensure robust results for many standard cases, while allowing for customization through optional parameters.

Specifically, geomerge supports empirical research using spatial data in several important ways. First, the package streamlines the process of integrating data from multiple sources. Second, the package offers the flexibility of enabling users to generate variants of the same data. Each of these variants can reflect different assumptions about how to perform the integration, including in reference to the choice of spatial unit, as well as the choice of assignment, zonal function or point aggregation rules. Third, the variants can be used to test the robustness of analyses to assumptions about data integration. Fourth, the package contributes to transparency and simplifies replication by providing clear, standardized interfaces that document the assumptions users made when integrating data. The data and code used in performing any integration can be supplied to accompany similar code used in performing analysis.

Installation

The package can be installed through the CRAN repository.

install.packages("geomerge")

Or the development version from Github

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("kdonnay/geomerge")

Usage

In the following illustrations, we use a number of different data layers for Nigeria 2011 that constitute the example data distributed with the geomerge package. The data can be easily loaded using

data(geomerge)

The example datasets cover all three main spatial data types discussed above:

• ACLED (Point data): Conflict events for Nigeria in 2011 as recorded by the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data project, available from https://acleddata.com/. This dataset contains geocoded, timestamped information on individual conflict events.

• AidData (Point data, including locations geocoded to administrative divisions, but assigned coordinates of centroids): Activities of development aid projects in Nigeria with start dates in 2011 as recorded by AidData, available at https://www.aiddata.org/. This dataset contains geocoded, timestamped information on individual aid projects.

Note: Both Point datasets are time-stamped, which means that they can be used for dynamic (i.e., spanning a spatial panel) as well as static (i.e., cross-sectional) integration.

• geoEPR (Polygons data): All politically relevant ethnic groups for Nigeria in 2011, as recorded in the EPR-Core 2014 dataset, available at https://icr.ethz.ch/data/epr/geoepr/. This dataset assigns every politically relevant ethnic group one of six settlement patterns and provides polygons describing their location.

• gpw (Raster data): Population at a gridded resolution of about 4km for Nigeria in 2010, as compiled by CIESIN, available at https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/gpw-v4. This dataset provides population estimates at several grid resolutions.

• states (Polygons data): Second-order administrative divisions (ADM2s) for Nigeria, known as Local Government Areas (equivalent of US states). The dataset is available at http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0e58995046b74254911c1dc0eb756fa4. This dataset is used in the illustration for the target SpatialPolygonsDataFrame to which spatial data are merged. The polygons in states have been simplified to reduce the size of the SpatialPolygonsDataFrame and enable fast execution of the examples provided.

Using geomerge

The main functionality of the geomerge package is provided by a single function with the same name. The output of the function is an object of class “geomerge”, which is a list with three slots: (1) data contains the spatial data resulting from integration, (2) inputData stores the input dataset, and (3) parameters logs all parameters with which geomerge was executed.

Running geomerge has two basic requirements.

The first requirement is input data, comprised of any number of objects of type SpatialPolygonsDataFrame, SpatialPointsDataFrame and RasterLayer. The RasterLayer will always by definition be single-valued. Therefore, geomerge requires the user to select one specific variable in each of the SpatialPolygonsDataFrame and SpatialPointsDataFrame objects prior to integration. Note that the package accepts the short-hand variable specification using the standard “$” notation to denote the selection of a specific variable. If dynamic integration of a SpatialPointsDataFrame is run, a second column named timestamp is required in the data.

The package then uses the name of the input data to label the corresponding variables in the integrated data. This approach establishes a clear, unique link between the input and integrated data. If a user wishes to work with several variables from the same dataset, simply enter these as separate arguments. We generally advise users to rely on meaningful names when labeling input data.

The second requirement, called target, specifies the spatial structure to which variables from all input objects are merged. The example in the geomerge package requires this target to be of class SpatialPolygonsDataFrame. In practice, the spatial structure can have any shape (e.g., polygons of administrative units, raster cells, etc.).

Note: The package provides a useful helper function called generateGrid, which generates a grid of user-specified cell size for the spatial extent defined by a spatial R object.

geomerge assumes that all inputs of type SpatialPolygonsDataFrame and RasterLayer are static and contemporary. If the polygons or raster are changing, we advise users to rerun geomerge for each interval in which data are static and contemporary. The package allows for dynamic integration of all inputs that are a SpatialPointsDataFrame. For example, one can automatically generate the counts of events that occur within a specific unit of target within a specific time period.

geomerge has a number of other optional arguments, which we will explore further below. These optional arguments enable specific kinds of integration (i.e., dynamic vs. static) and/or allow the user to change assumptions about zonal functions, assignment rules, etc. from the default values.

Note: The print, summary and plot functions are overloaded for objects of class “geomerge”, meaning that these functions return specific outputs for objects of class “geomerge”.

Static Integration of Polygon and Raster Data

The simplest case is that of merging static layers. Consider, for example, the case that geo-spatial information about the settlement areas of ethnic groups ought to be merged with the administrative units of a country to determine which group is the dominant faction in each area. In the following examples, we therefore assume that the target of integration is the statesSpatialPolygonsDataFrame.

We begin by integrating one Polygon dataset with states. Note that the function returns a number of messages documenting the progress of the integration task. When merging more complex data, the function may run for some time and monitoring progress can therefore be relevant. If no printed progress updates are required, simply use the optional argument silent = TRUE; for all our illustrations we will use this to suppress the R console output.

output = geomerge(geoEPR,target=states,silent=TRUE)

## Loading required namespace: rgeos

summary (output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 non numerical variable(s) are available:
##  geoEPR
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

names(output$data)

## [1] "FID"    "ID"     "NAME_0" "NAME_1" "area"   "geoEPR"

Here, the default settings of geomerge make implicit assumptions regarding the assignment of the values in geoEPR to the target of statesSpatialPolygonsDataFrame. The default assignment rule uses maximum area overlap (assignment = "max(area)"). This rule implies that a value is assigned to any spatial unit of target that corresponds to the unit in geoEPR with the largest spatial overlap.

As an alternative, geomerge supports assignment based on minimal area overlap (assignment = "min(area)").

Assignment can also be done by maximum population (assignment ="max(pop)") or minimum population assignment = "min(pop)"), which operate similar to the area .

In addition, geomerge permits assignment weighted by area (assignment= "weighted(area)") or population (assignment = "weighted(pop)"). The former assigns the value that is the area-weighted average across all units intersecting with the spatial unit in target. The latter is analogous, but assigns the value based on the population represented by that area.

Naturally, all the options relying on population require a population raster input called population.data. Here is an example:

output = geomerge(geoEPR,target=states,assignment="max(pop)",
                  population.data=gpw, silent=TRUE)
summary (output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 non numerical variable(s) are available:
##  geoEPR
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

Note: Any weighted assignment (whether area- or population-based) is only allowed for numeric data. Within our illustration, therefore, weighted assignment is not possible for the layer geoEPR.

The integration of Raster data is similarly straightforward.

Note: geomerge accepts any optional arguments of the function extract in the raster package. These arguments can be entered in the exact same syntax as in the original extract function and are passed on to any use of the function within the package. For example, in the illustration we use the optional input na.rm = TRUE because the gpw data has a few missing values that we want to ignore when performing the data integration.

output = geomerge(gpw,na.rm=TRUE,target=states,silent=TRUE)
summary (output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  gpw
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

plot(output)

As can be seen in the summary, the package not only merged the layer gpw to states, but also generated its value per area of the target polygon and first- and second-order spatial lag values for each. For inputs of type RasterLayer, values per area are always also returned. Whether or not spatial lags should be calculated can be controlled by the optional Boolean argument spat.lag.

output = geomerge(gpw,na.rm=TRUE,target=states,
                  spat.lag=FALSE,silent=TRUE)
summary (output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  gpw

plot(output)

As in the case of Polygon data, the defaults of geomerge have built-in implicit assumptions regarding zonal statistics. The default zonal function is summation (zonal.fun = sum). The package also supports all zonal statistics consistent with the extract function in the raster package.

output = geomerge(gpw,na.rm=TRUE,target=states,
                  spat.lag=FALSE,zonal.fun=min,silent=TRUE)
summary (output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  gpw

plot(output)

Static and Dynamic Integration of Point Data

In geomerge, integration of point data supports two different heuristics, which the user specifies via point.agg. The first heuristic (point.agg = "cnt") counts the occurrence of points in a given unit of target. The second heuristic users (point.agg = "sum") sums the values for all points in a given unit. This heuristic is only appropriate for numeric variables.

To illustrate, we use information on the conflict fatalities as recorded in ACLED and the financial commitments of development aid projects as recorded in AidData. We start by looking at the event counts and the number of projects in each Local Government Area of Nigeria throughout 2011 using point.agg = "cnt". Then we examine the total umbers of conflict fatalities and aid dollar commitments associated with those areas.

# Run geomerge using point.agg = 'cnt
output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,AidData$commitme_1,
                  target=states,point.agg='cnt',silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 2 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 2 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES, AidData.commitme_1
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

plot(output)

# Run geomerge using point.agg = 'sum
output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,AidData$commitme_1,
                  target=states,point.agg='sum',silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 2 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 2 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES, AidData.commitme_1
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

plot(output)

Dynamic integration of point data follows the same process as before, but separated in a series of temporal units, thereby generating a spatial panel. In geomerge, the temporal units are specified through the time argument. The package performs static integration if time = NA. For dynamic integration, the user must specify time = c(start_date, end_date, interval_length). All three inputs must be strings, where interval_length is defined in multiples of t_unit. The default value is t_unit = "days". The package also accepts inputs of “secs”, “mins”, “hours”, “months” or “years”.

In the following illustration, we employ the same data as before, but now include the “timestamp” column from both datasets. Information capturing the timing of observations is a prerequisite for dynamic integration. The information does not have to be at any specific level of precision, but does have to concern timing. We iterate through the whole year 2011 in one-month steps. In other words, we generate a county-month spatial panel.

# Run geomerge using point.agg = 'cnt
output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,AidData$commitme_1,
                  target=states,time=c("2011-01-01","2011-12-31","1"),
                  t_unit='months',point.agg='cnt',silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 2 datasets successfully integrated - run in dynamic mode, spatial panel was generated.
## 
## The following 2 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES, AidData.commitme_1
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.
## First and second order temporal lag values available.

plot(output)

## Output data is spatial panel, showing results only for the last period. Use optional argument "period" to select specific time period.

# Run geomerge using point.agg = 'cnt
output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,AidData$commitme_1,
                  target=states,time=c("2011-01-01","2011-12-31","1"),
                  t_unit='months',point.agg='sum',silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 2 datasets successfully integrated - run in dynamic mode, spatial panel was generated.
## 
## The following 2 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES, AidData.commitme_1
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.
## First and second order temporal lag values available.

plot(output)

## Output data is spatial panel, showing results only for the last period. Use optional argument "period" to select specific time period.

Note: By default, plot selects the last time period for purposes of the visualization. If the user wishes to visualize any other period, simply add the optional argument period to the function. Also, first- and second-order time-lagged variables are returned by default. The optional Boolean argument time.lag controls this feature.

output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,AidData$commitme_1,
                  target=states,time=c("2011-01-01","2011-12-31","1"),
                  t_unit='months',point.agg='sum',time.lag=FALSE,silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 2 datasets successfully integrated - run in dynamic mode, spatial panel was generated.
## 
## The following 2 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES, AidData.commitme_1
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

plot(output, period=3)

## Output data is spatial panel, showing variables only for period 3, as specified.

Generating Grid Target

Thus far, we have only considered integration targets in the form of the Nigeria county polygons states. The generateGrid function in geomerge allows the user to easily generate a matching grid of a chosen resolution. For many econometric applications, this option can be very useful.

# install.packages("sp")
require(sp)

## Loading required package: sp

# Generate grid with 10 km cell size (input in m) in local CRS for Nigeria
states.grid <- generateGrid(states,
                              size= 10000, # meters
                              local.CRS=CRS("+init=epsg:26391"),
                              silent = TRUE)

# Run simple static integration with this grid as target
output = geomerge(ACLED$FATALITIES,target=states.grid,
                  point.agg='sum',silent=TRUE)
summary(output)

## geomerge completed: 1 datasets successfully integrated - run in static mode.
## 
## The following 1 numerical variable(s) are available:
##  ACLED.FATALITIES
## 
## First and second order spatial lag values available.

plot(output)

Meta

• Please report any issues or bugs.
• License: LGPL-3
• Get citation information for geomerge in R using citation(package = 'geomerge')
• CRAN: https://cran.r-project.org/package=geomerge.