Genetic Linkage Maps in Autopolyploids.

MAPpoly

MAPpoly (v. 0.3.3) is an R package to construct genetic maps in diploids and autopolyploids with even ploidy levels. In its current version, MAPpoly can handle ploidy levels up to 8 when using hidden Markov models (HMM) and up to 12 when using the two-point simplification. When dealing with large numbers of markers (> 10,000), we strongly recommend using high-performance computing (HPC).

In its current version, MAPpoly can handle the following types of datasets:

1. CSV files
2. MAPpoly files
   • Dosage based
   • Probability based
3. fitPoly files
4. VCF files

MAPpoly also is capable of importing objects generated by the following R packages

1. updog
2. polyRAD
3. polymapR
   • Datasets
   • Maps

The mapping strategy uses pairwise recombination fraction estimation as the first source of information to position allelic variants in specific homologs sequentially. The algorithm relies on the multilocus likelihood obtained through a hidden Markov model (HMM) for situations where pairwise analysis has limited power. The derivation of the HMM used in MAPpoly can be found in Mollinari and Garcia, 2019. The computation of the offspring's genotypes probabilities and haplotype reconstruction, as well as the preferential pairing profiles, is presented in Mollinari et al., 2020.

Installation

From CRAN (stable version)

To install MAPpoly from the The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) use

install.packages("mappoly")

From GitHub (development version)

You can install the development version from Git Hub. Within R, you need to install devtools:

install.packages("devtools")

If you are using Windows, please install the the latest recommended version of Rtools.

To install MAPpoly from Git Hub use

devtools::install_github("mmollina/mappoly", dependencies=TRUE)

For further QTL analysis, we recommend our QTLpoly package. QTLpoly performs random-effect multiple interval mapping (REMIM) in full-sib families of autopolyploid species based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation and score statistics, as described in Pereira et al. 2020.

We recently released VIEWpoly. VIEWpoly provides a graphical user interface to integrate, visualize and explore results from linkage and quantitative trait loci analysis, together with genomic information for autopolyploid (and diploid) species. The app is meant for interactive use and allows users to optionally upload different sources of information, including gene annotation and alignment files, enabling the exploitation and search for candidate genes in a genome browser. VIEWpoly supports inputs other than MAPpoly's, including polymapR, diaQTL, QTLpoly, and polyqtlR.

MAPpoly's workflow

Vignettes

• To access the MAPpoly vignette from R, use

  vignette("mappoly_startguide")
  

• Building a genetic map in a tetraploid potato full-sib population using MAPpoly
• Building a genetic map in an hexaploid full-sib population using MAPpoly
• Real datasets
  • Hexaploid sweetpotato VCF dataset (Beauregard x Tanzania) obtained using VCF2SM
  • Tetraploid potato with dosage call in MAPpoly format
  • Tetraploid potato with dosage call in CSV format
  • Tetraploid potato with dosage probabilities in MAPpoly format
  • Tetraploid potato in CSV format obtained using ClusterCall
  • Compressed tetraploid potato with dosage probabilities obtained using fitPoly
• Simulated datasets
  • Hexaploid simulation with dosage call in MAPpoly format
  • Hexaploid simulation with dosage probabilities in MAPpoly format

Related software

• Polyverse - the polyploid R universe (a Lindsay Clark's initiative)

# Enable this universe
options(repos = c(
    polyploids = 'https://polyploids.r-universe.dev',
    CRAN = 'https://cloud.r-project.org'))

# Install some packages
install.packages('mappoly')

• Variant Calling

  • GBSapp: An automated pipeline for variant calling and filtering.

• Simulations

  • PedigreeSim: Simulation of genetic marker data in diploid and polyploid pedigreed populations.

• Genotype calling

  • ClusterCall: Automated tetraploid genotype calling by hierarchical clustering
  • fitPoly: Genotype Calling for Bi-Allelic Marker Assays
  • polyRAD: Genotype Calling with Uncertainty from Sequencing Data in Polyploids and Diploids
  • SuperMASSA: Graphical Bayesian inference tool for genotyping polyploids
  • updog: Flexible Genotyping for Polyploids
  • VCF2SM: Python script that integrates VCF files and SuperMASSA

• Genetic mapping in polyploids

  • MDSMap: High Density Genetic Linkage Mapping using Multidimensional Scaling
  • polymapR: Linkage Analysis in Outcrossing Polyploids
  • TetraploidSNPMap: Linkage maps and mapping QTLs for autotetraploid species, using SNP dosage data.

• Haplotype reconstruction

  • MCHap: Polyploid micro-haplotype assembly using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation.
  • TetraOrigin:haplotype reconstruction in a full-sib tetraploid family
  • PolyOriginR:haplotype reconstruction in polyploid multiparental populations

• QTL mapping

  • QTLpoly: QTL mapping in full-sib families of outcrossing autopolyploid species based on a random-effect multiple QTL model
  • diaQTL: QTL analysis of diploid and autotetraploid diallel populations
  • polyqtlR: QTL analysis and exploration of meiotic patterns in autopolyploid bi-parental F1 populations.

• Visualization

  • VIEWpoly: integrate, visualize and explore results from genetic analysis, together with genomic information for autopolyploids

Miscellaneous

• Supplementary scripts for Mollinari and Garcia (2019)
• Miscellaneous scripts

Articles referencing MAPpoly

1. Rose Rosette Disease Resistance Loci Detected in Two Interconnected Tetraploid Garden Rose Populations (Lau et al., 2022)
2. VIEWpoly: a visualization tool to integrate and explore results of polyploid genetic analysis. (Taniguti et al., 2022)
3. Genetic Dissection of Early Blight Resistance in Tetraploid Potato. (Xue et al., 2022)
4. Haplotype reconstruction in connected tetraploid F1 populations (Zheng et al., 2021)
5. QTL mapping in outbred tetraploid (and diploid) diallel populations (Amadeu et al., 2021)
6. Using probabilistic genotypes in linkage analysis of polyploids. (Liao et al., 2021)
7. Discovery of a major QTL for root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita resistance in cultivated sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas. (Oloka, et al., 2021)
8. Quantitative trait locus mapping for common scab resistance in a tetraploid potato full-sib population. (Pereira et al., 2021)
9. The recombination landscape and multiple QTL mapping in a Solanum tuberosum cv.'Atlantic'-derived F1 population. (Pereira et al., 2021)
10. High-Resolution Linkage Map and QTL Analyses of Fruit Firmness in Autotetraploid Blueberry (Cappai et al., 2020)
11. When a phenotype is not the genotype: Implications of phenotype misclassification and pedigree errors in genomics-assisted breeding of sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.(Gemenet et al., 2020)
12. Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated beta-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] (Gemenet et al., 2020)
13. Multiple QTL Mapping in Autopolyploids: A Random-Effect Model Approach with Application in a Hexaploid Sweetpotato Full-Sib Population. (Pereira et al., 2020)

Acknowledgment

This package has been developed as part of the Genomic Tools for Sweetpotato Improvement project (GT4SP) and SweetGAINS, both funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Its continuous improvement is made possible by the project AFRI-Grant: A Genetics-Based Data Analysis System for Breeders in Polyploid Breeding Programs and SCRI-Grant: Tools for polyploids, funded by USDA NIFA.

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