Matching Methods for Time-Varying Observational Studies.
rsmatch
The R package rsmatch implements various forms of matching on time-varying observational studies to help in causal inference. The package utilized the idea of matching through a series of risk sets consisting of all subjects who are still “at risk” of treatment. Subjects in this set treated at the next time point can be matched to controls who are not treated to avoid bias in estimating treatment effects.
Currently, we have methods for:
- Balanced Risk Set Matching with
brsmatch(), based on the work of Li, Propert, and Rosenbaum (2001) - Propensity Score Matching with Time-Dependent Covariates with
coxpsmatch(), based on the work of Lu (2005)
Installation
You can install the released version of rsmatch from CRAN with:
install.packages("rsmatch")
Alternatively, you can install the development version from GitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("skent259/rsmatch")
Example usage
Consider the oasis data which consists of 51 patients from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies that are classified at each time point as having Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or not. We can match subjects who are similar in their gender, education level, socioeconomic status, age, and other MRI measurements, but one of which moved from a cognitively normal state to AD in the next time period and the other who remained cognitively normal.
library(rsmatch)
data(oasis)
pairs <- brsmatch(
n_pairs = 5,
data = oasis,
id = "subject_id", time = "visit", trt_time = "time_of_ad",
balance = TRUE, balance_covariates = c("m_f", "age")
)
na.omit(pairs)
#> subject_id pair_id type
#> 5 OAS2_0014 1 trt
#> 15 OAS2_0043 2 all
#> 22 OAS2_0079 2 trt
#> 32 OAS2_0112 3 all
#> 36 OAS2_0124 1 all
#> 40 OAS2_0140 5 all
#> 41 OAS2_0150 3 trt
#> 43 OAS2_0160 4 trt
#> 49 OAS2_0182 4 all
#> 50 OAS2_0184 5 trt
These 10 subjects form the 5 best pairs according to balanced risk set matching, where we consider pairs close if they have similar covariates and we try to find balance on gender and age. We can see that the first pair match closely on their covariates:
first_pair <- pairs[which(pairs$pair_id == 1), "subject_id"]
oasis[which(oasis$subject_id %in% first_pair), ]
#> subject_id visit time_of_ad m_f educ ses age mr_delay e_tiv n_wbv asf
#> 11 OAS2_0014 1 2 M 16 3 76 0 1602 0.697 1.096
#> 12 OAS2_0014 2 2 M 16 3 77 504 1590 0.696 1.104
#> 80 OAS2_0124 1 NA M 16 3 70 0 1463 0.749 1.200
#> 81 OAS2_0124 2 NA M 16 3 71 472 1479 0.750 1.187
We can also find matches using Propensity Score Matching with Time-Dependent Covariates by Lu (2005)
pairs <- coxpsmatch(
n_pairs = 5,
data = oasis,
id = "subject_id", time = "visit", trt_time = "time_of_ad"
)
first_pair <- pairs[which(pairs$pair_id == 1), "subject_id"]
oasis[which(oasis$subject_id %in% first_pair), ]
#> # A tibble: 4 × 11
#> subject_id visit time_of_ad m_f educ ses age mr_delay e_tiv n_wbv asf
#> <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <int> <fct> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 OAS2_0009 1 NA M 12 2 68 0 1457 0.806 1.20
#> 2 OAS2_0009 2 NA M 12 2 69 576 1480 0.791 1.19
#> 3 OAS2_0046 1 2 F 15 2 83 0 1476 0.75 1.19
#> 4 OAS2_0046 2 2 F 15 2 85 575 1483 0.748 1.18
This picks a different first pair, but they are also close in covariates.
Citation
To cite package ‘rsmatch’ in publications use:
Kent S, Paukner M (2024). rsmatch: Matching Methods for Time-varying Observational Studies. R package version 0.2.1, https://cran.r-project.org/package=rsmatch.
A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
@Manual{,
title = {rsmatch: Matching Methods for Time-varying Observational Studies},
author = {Sean Kent and Mitchell Paukner},
year = {2024},
note = {R package version 0.2.1},
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=rsmatch},
}
References
Li, Yunfei Paul, Kathleen J Propert, and Paul R Rosenbaum. 2001. “Balanced Risk Set Matching.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 96 (455): 870–82.
Lu, Bo. 2005. “Propensity Score Matching with Time-Dependent Covariates.” Biometrics 61 (3): 721–28.