Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Compliance in Brazil.

💧 TikatuWQ: An R Package for Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Compliance in Brazil

TikatuWQ is an open-source R package designed to analyze, visualize, and report water quality data according to Brazilian environmental standards.
It implements the main indices used in the country IQA/NSFWQI and IET (Carlson and Lamparelli) and provides automated checks for CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 compliance — including the legal frequency rule (Art. 15).
The package also includes seasonal analysis, pollutant load computation, exceedance probability, multivariate PCA, trend analysis, data validation, and automatic report generation.

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Installation (development)

To install development dependencies and check the package locally:

install.packages(c("devtools","testthat","rmarkdown","ggplot2","dplyr","tidyr",
                   "readr","lubridate","stringr","glue","scales","broom","purrr","tools"))
devtools::load_all("tikatuwq")
devtools::check("tikatuwq")

Included real dataset: Rio Buranhem - INEMA

This package includes a real water quality dataset extracted from INEMA (the Bahia State Environmental Agency) monitoring campaigns conducted in the Rio Buranhem watershed (Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil) between 2021 and 2024. The included data provide site IDs, sampling dates, and diverse physicochemical variables measured during field campaigns. See documentation for wq_demo for details on columns and usage in analyses.

All main documentation and vignettes use this realistic sample for demonstration and reproducible workflows.

Basic workflow

library(tikatuwq)
data(wq_demo)
head(wq_demo)

# Typical analysis
wq_demo |> validate_wq() |> iqa(na_rm = TRUE) |> plot_iqa()

# Trophic state visualization
wq_demo |> iet_carlson(.keep_ids = TRUE) |> plot_iet(method = "carlson")

# Seasonal analysis
wq_demo |>
  assign_season(region = "bahia") |>
  compare_seasons(param = "turbidez", by = "ponto")

📚 Scientific and Institutional Context

The TikatuWQ package was developed by Vinícius Saraiva Santos (author and maintainer)
as part of the Tikatu Research Project, conducted within the Nucleus for Research in Tropical Ecosystems – NuPEcoTropic, a research group linked to the Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB) and coordinated by Prof. Dr. Fabrício Berton Zanchi.

This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Postgraduate Program in Biosystems (PPG Biossistemas) at UFSB, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Fabrício Berton Zanchi.

The Tikatu Project, developed and coordinated by Vinícius Saraiva Santos, integrates research focused on environmental monitoring and modeling.

🆕 News

🆕 What's new in v0.9.0 (current)

⚠️ Breaking change — IQA now uses the correct weighted geometric mean

iqa() now defaults to method = "CETESB", which computes the weighted geometric mean ∏(Qi^Wi) as specified by CETESB and the original NSF WQI formulation (Brown et al., 1970). The previous (incorrect) arithmetic mean behavior is preserved via method = "NSF_approx". Users relying on the default will see more accurate — and generally lower — IQA values.

New functions:

• conama_freq_check() — implements the legal frequency rule of CONAMA 357/2005 Art. 15: a parameter is considered in conformity only when ≥ 80% of at least 6 samples per year are within limits. Returns a per-point, per-year, per-parameter compliance table.
• assign_season() — classifies each sample as "chuvoso" (wet) or "seco" (dry) based on regional Brazilian hydrological calendars (Sudeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sul, Centro-Oeste, Bahia) or a custom month vector.
• compare_seasons() — compares a water quality parameter between wet and dry seasons using Wilcoxon, t-test, or Kruskal-Wallis; returns descriptive statistics, test results, and an optional ggplot boxplot.
• plot_iet() — bar chart (vertical or horizontal) for the Trophic State Index with color-coded trophic classes, supporting both Carlson (1977) and Lamparelli (2004) classification schemes.
• compute_load() — computes pollutant load as concentration × flow × unit factor; supports kg/day, t/day, kg/year, and g/s outputs.
• exceedance_prob() — estimates empirical exceedance probability with Wilson confidence interval, by group.
• wq_pca() — PCA wrapper around stats::prcomp() with automatic column selection, biplot, screeplot, and loadings plot returned as ggplot attributes.
• nsfwqi() — updated: now uses weighted geometric mean (consistent with the IQA fix); adds add_status and locale arguments for multilingual status labels.

Data expanded:

• inst/extdata/conama_limits.csv expanded from ~38 to ~116 rows, adding nitrogen species (NO₃, NO₂, NH₃ with pH-conditional limits), inorganic ions (fluorides, chlorides, sulfates), organic pollutants (phenols, surfactants), and 14 heavy metals for Classes 1–3.

✔️ R CMD check --as-cran: 0 errors | 0 warnings | 0 notes
✔️ Compatible with CRAN, Windows, Linux, and macOS

🆕 What's new in v0.8.2

• CRAN maintenance: Fixed example in plot_map() to use internal dataset wq_demo instead of external file reference. All examples and tests now comply with CRAN policies.

🆕 What's new in v0.8.1

• Internal adjustments to ensure full compliance with CRAN policies regarding file system access.
• Examples and documentation now rely exclusively on the internal dataset wq_demo, removing any dependency on external or local files.
• The render_report() function now writes output only to temporary directories (tempdir()) or to directories explicitly provided by the user.
• Examples, tests, and documentation were reviewed to guarantee safe execution in restricted environments (e.g., CRAN check systems).
• No API changes and no functional impact for users.

✔️ R CMD check --as-cran: 0 errors | 0 warnings | 0 notes
✔️ Compatible with CRAN, Windows, Linux, and macOS

🆕 What's new in v0.8.0

• The wq_demo example dataset is now a subset of real data (INEMA, Rio Buranhem, Porto Seguro-BA, 2021–2024), with 20 rows and 14 columns (including rio, lat, lon).
• All examples and vignettes use this realistic dataset to improve reproducibility and clarity.
• Documentation updated accordingly (dataset help, README, vignette).
• No API break; behavior remains consistent with previous versions.

What's new in v0.7.3

• More robust IQA Accepts temp as an alias for temperatura. Automatic numeric sanitization for comma decimals and </> signs. With na_rm = TRUE, weights are re-scaled if some inputs are missing.
• IET (Carlson / Lamparelli) with data.frame input iet_carlson() and iet_lamparelli() now accept a "raw" data.frame containing extra ID columns like rio, ponto, data, lat, lon.
• Relevant parameters are auto-detected (secchi/sd, clorofila/chla, tp/p_total). p_total in mg/L is auto-converted to tp in µg/L.
• Use .keep_ids = TRUE to preserve identifiers in the output. No new dependencies, no API break. Legacy vector calls keep working as before.

News v0.7.2

• Fixed CRAN incoming NOTE:
  • Removed non-standard fields (DOI, Citation) from DESCRIPTION.
  • Updated inst/CITATION to use bibentry() (replacing deprecated citEntry()).
• No functional or API changes.
• Minor documentation improvements.
• R CMD check: 0 errors | 0 warnings | 0 notes ✅

News v0.7.0

• New functions param_analysis() and param_analysis_multi():
  • Allow flexible parameter-based analyses by site or river.
  • Support cross-comparisons (multiple parameters per site or vice versa).
  • Include descriptive statistics and temporal trend detection.
• Full test coverage for new modules.
• Minor improvements to plot_trend() and plot_map() (controlled messages).
• All CRAN and devtools::check() validations passed without errors.

News v0.6.2

• Corrective update requested by CRAN.
• Fixed codoc WARNING in generate_analysis() documentation.
• Removed deprecated parameters id_cols and filter to match current signature.
• No functional or code changes made.

News v0.6.1

• Maintenance update requested by CRAN.
• Fixed relative link README-pt.md, now converted to absolute HTTPS URL.
• No functional or code changes made.

News v0.6.0

• New function plot_trend() for temporal trend analysis:
  • Trend lines per parameter/site with Theil-Sen, OLS, and LOESS methods.
  • Supports faceting by river/site and point customization.
  • Returns ggplot object ready for visualization or reports.
• Updated documentation and examples on the pkgdown site.

v0.5.1

• Fixed invalid URLs reported by CRAN (updated links and DOIs included).
• Minor documentation adjustments for R-devel compatibility.

v0.5.0

• Added internal helper functions to simplify workflow.
• New feature plot_map() for spatial visualization of sampling sites.
• Revised validation messages and standardized formatting.

v0.2.1

• generate_analysis() — automatic rule-based analytical paragraphs.
• Report template updated to include textual analysis.
• Structures added for iet_lamparelli() and nsfwqi().

Installation via GitHub

install.packages("remotes")  # or devtools
remotes::install_github("tikatuwq/tikatuwq", dependencies = TRUE)

# stable version (by tag)
remotes::install_github("tikatuwq/[email protected]", build_vignettes = TRUE)

CONAMA compliance (class 2)

df <- read_wq(system.file("extdata","exemplo_chamagunga.csv", package="tikatuwq"))

# Table with only violations, ready for report
conama_report(df, "2", only_violations = TRUE, pretty = TRUE)

# Short textual summary
cat(paste(conama_text(df, "2", only_violations = TRUE), collapse = "\n"))

# Legal frequency rule (CONAMA 357/2005 Art. 15)
conama_freq_check(df, classe = "2", by = "ponto")

Main functions

Water quality indices

• iqa(df, method = "CETESB", na_rm = TRUE, ...) — Water Quality Index; weighted geometric mean (CETESB/NSF default).
• iet_carlson(df) / iet_lamparelli(df) — Trophic State Index.
• nsfwqi(df, na_rm = TRUE, add_status = TRUE) — NSF WQI with geometric mean aggregation.

CONAMA compliance and balneability

• conama_limits(class) — limits from CONAMA 357/2005.
• conama_check(df, class) — compliance by parameter (*_ok columns).
• conama_freq_check(df, classe, by) — Art. 15 frequency rule (≥ 80% conformity in ≥ 6 samples/year).
• balnear_check(df, by) — balneability classification under CONAMA 274/2000 (Excelente → Imprópria).

Seasonal analysis and trend

• assign_season(df, region) — classifies samples by hydrological season using regional calendars.
• compare_seasons(df, param, test) — statistical comparison between wet and dry seasons.
• mk_seasonal(df, param, period) — seasonal Mann-Kendall trend test (Hirsch et al., 1982); returns Z, p-value, tau, and Sen's slope.

Load and risk

• compute_load(df, param, flow_col, unit_out) — pollutant load (kg/day, t/day, etc.).
• exceedance_prob(df, param, threshold, direction, by) — empirical exceedance probability with Wilson CI.

Multivariate

• wq_pca(df, params, color_by) — PCA with biplot, screeplot, and loadings plot.

Visualization

• plot_iqa(), plot_iet(), plot_series(), plot_box(), plot_heatmap(), plot_trend() — return ggplot objects.
• plot_map(), plot_map_quality() — interactive Leaflet maps; plot_map_quality() colors sites by IQA/IET/NSF WQI class.

Data and reports

• read_wq(path) — reads water quality datasets (CSV).
• validate_wq(df) — validates/normalizes columns and units.
• generate_analysis(), render_report() — automated textual and document reporting.

Documentation and support

• CRAN page: https://cran.r-project.org/package=tikatuwq
• Pkgdown site: https://tikatuwq.github.io/tikatuwq/
• Issues/Suggestions: https://github.com/tikatuwq/tikatuwq/issues
• Releases: https://github.com/tikatuwq/tikatuwq/releases

Citation

citation("tikatuwq")

How to cite

If you use tikatuwq in your research, please cite it as follows:

Santos, V. S. (2025). tikatuwq: Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Compliance in Brazil (v0.9.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17407297

BibTeX entry:

@Manual{Santos2025tikatuwq,
  title  = {tikatuwq: Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Compliance in Brazil},
  author = {Vinicius Saraiva Santos},
  year   = {2025},
  note   = {R package version 0.9.0},
  doi    = {10.5281/zenodo.17407297},
  url    = {https://github.com/tikatuwq/tikatuwq},
}